Mitochondria are often seen aggregated around it. These are carried about by the movement of the endoplasm and finally disappear with the egestion of non-digestible food from the holy. Plasmagel may change into plasmasol and even ectoplasm may change into endoplasm. Amoebas are very small and contain a single nucleus. The Golgi bodies appear as groups of sac-like tubules. The protoplasm varies in consistency according to the state of activity of the animal. Each quadrinucleate metacystic amoeba ultimately forms 8 amoebulae as a result of one division of each cystic nucleus, cytoplasmic division, and parcelling out of the cystic (N) and daughter (n) nuclei. The food vacuole serves as a temporary stomach secreting digestive juice. Habitat and Morphology of Amoeba Proteus: Amoeba proteus lives on the bottom of fresh water ponds, streams and ditches, gliding on the algae-covered mud or crawling on the surface of green submerged plants. However, there is no line of demarcation between ectoplasm and endoplasm. The Amoeba moves from place to place by forming temporary finger-like projections called pseudopodia. 6. Related Discussions:- AMOEBA. Weaker vibrations, such as those produced by a running ciliate, elicit formation of pseudopodia on the stimulated side (positive reaction). This proves that although the nucleus governs the various vital activities of the cell body yet the nucleus and cytoplasm must function together. It differs in shape in different species. (vi) Lying scattered in the endoplasm there are several food vacuoles. courtesy of Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. It varies with the temperature, increasing slowly up to a temperature of 30°C. Also known as brain-eating amoeba, these organisms typically inhabit warm lakes, ponds, soil, and untreated pools. ID; 3687) ... Greeff in fact took pains to contrast A. fibrillosa with his A. terricola, and the description of its locomotive morphology could easily be applied to Leptomyxa or another microplasmodial organism. Entamoeba histolytica : Morphology, Life Cycle, Culture, Pathogenicity Introduction Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoa. Entamoeba histolytica is found in the human colon. Indigestible particles are usually heavier than the protoplasm of Amoeba. Habitat and Morphology of Amoeba Proteus 2. Excretion Process 6. Trout beck zone - lotic ecosystem, Trout beck zone - Lotic Ecosystem T... Trout beck zone - Lotic Ecosystem This is larger and more constant than the head stream. The food of Amoeba consists of small algae and other actively moving protozoa. It secretes useful substances and excretes waste products. Under microscope, it appears to be transparent, irregular and colorless mass of protoplasm which constantly changes in shape by giving out finger-like processes called pseudopodia. Thus it is being continuously carried back and forth, occupies no fixed position. As such, microbiologists often use the term “amoeboid”, to refer to a specific type of movement and amoebae interchangeably. Its shape is irregular due to presence of finger like processes called pseudopodia. Amoeba zymogenica Alexeieff, 1929 (ref. Parasite morphology: The trophozoites are 20-30 µm in diameter and contain a vesicular nucleus with a central endosome, peripheral chromatin and radial achromatic fibrils (imparting a 'cart-wheel' appearance). \"Historically, amoebae were classified together in a single taxonomic group called Sarcodina, united by their use of pseudopodia. Now and then it becomes attached to the inner surface of the plasmagel and remains stationary for a time, while the posterior end moves forward. It is transparent and coulerless. The cytoplasm of amoeba consists, as in an animal cell, several types of formed structures suspended in a continuous fluid phase, called cytoplasmic matrix, hyaloplasm or cytosol. The Biology of Amoeba discusses the general biology, morphology, movement and related phenomena, and biochemical and physiological studies of amoeba. Movement totally ceases at 33°C. The plasma lemma secretes a three-layered cyst within which the spherical body is safely housed. Privacy Policy3. They are included in the genus Entamoeba. Sporulation is preceded by encystment. It consists of an outer stiff plasmagel, and an inner fluid plasmasol exhibiting streaming movements. Is this an example of necrosis or apoptosis? This layer allows water and some small solute molecules to pass freely in both directions while the longer particles are not allowed to pass through. Obviously, it is a pulsatory organelle, rhythmically dilating and contracting at short intervals. The nucleoplasm contains a few nucleoli and a large number of chromosomes (about 500) with helically coiled DNA. Entamoeba histolytica is a microscopic, naked, parasitic amoeba. In describing an amoeba it is essential to state the stage in the life-history of the individual, and the condition of the culture from which the specimen has been taken. Morphology of protozoa 1. Any change in the environment acts as a stimulus and produces a response or reaction in Amoeba. There is very thin, delicate plasma membrane or cell membrane being from 1/4 micron to 2 microns thick. The central granular part of the endoplasm, that is plasmasol, than flows into the ectoplasmic outgrowth by streaming movement through the gap in the plasmagel sheet. In this manner, a large number of amoebulae are formed out of a single encysted parent individual. When the prey is very swift, a large food-cup is formed and several victims are thus enclosed in a single cup without being touched. (v) A spherical vesicle, the contractile vacuole, is found within the endoplasm. As the animal has no nervous system these reactions are entirely due to the inherent irritability of its protoplasm. Encystment followed by sporulation have been described in other free-living Amoebae, but this process of reproduction has not yet been confirmed in A. proteus. The endoplasmic reticulum forms a network of tubules as well as vesicles. Locomotion 4. Before publishing your Notes on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The body of the prey swells up and gradually diminishes in size as the various enzymes break down the insoluble proteins, fats and carbohydrates to soluble forms. Lastly, this constriction cuts through completely and the two halves separate, each containing a nucleus of its own (Fig. They constantly change their body shape due to ameboid movement. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge
If it is removed by micro-dissection, the protoplasm may live without it for some time, but shall remain incapable of carrying out all it vital activities. Zoology, Protozoa, Parasitic, Amoeba Proteus. Its nucleus swells up to divide by a special process of mitosis. The earliest record of an amoeboid organism was produced in 1755 by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, who named his discovery "Der Kleine Proteus" ("the Little Proteus"). E. gingivalis is the very first parasitic amoeba that has become known to man. Amoeba, Euglena and Paramoecium | Phylum Protozoa, Structure of Amoeba (With Diagram) | Zoology, Respiratory System in Toad (With Diagram) | Zoology. This book is organized into five parts, encompassing 21 chapters that primarily focus on large free-living amoeba. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. (vii) Spherical water vacuoles are also seen scattered throughout the endoplasm and appearing as transparent drops of water. These are now absorbed into the cytoplasm and assimilated. (ix) The pseudopodia are used for locomotion and for capture of their prey. Basic morphological features of a naked lobose amoeba u uroid, d dorsal fold, w wing, n nucleus, v vacuole, g granuloplasm, h hyaloplasm. The plasmasel is highly granular fluid having various inclusions and it shows streaming movements. The Amoeba retracts all pseudopodia and becomes spherical. If on the other hand, an Amoeba is cut into two pieces, one-half containing only cytoplasm and the other containing the nucleus as well as a portion of the cytoplasm, then both the halves survive for a time. The plasmagel forms a tube through which flows the plasmasol. As solid food is ingested, the mode of nutrition is holozoic. Under microscope, it appears to be transparent, irregular and colorless mass of protoplasm which constantly changes in shape by giving out finger-like processes called pseudopodia. An amoeba is a highly motile eukaryotic, unicellular organism. Amoeba is an aquatic, single-cell (unicellular) organism with membrane-bound (eukaryotic) organelles that has no definite shape. As it grows, it comes to the peripheral plasmagel and is left at the posterior end as the endoplasm flows onwards. A part of the CO2, however, diffuses out through the plasma lemma. The letter is differentiated into an outer thin cortical layer, called ectoplasm, and an inner medullary mass, called endoplasm. It is granular, heterogenous fluid containing bi-pyramidal crystals forming the plasmasol, streaming movements, called cyelosis, occur all the time in it. Encysted forms have not been observed in this amoeba. But the amoebae, like all ether living organisms, are liable to death by accident or other means. Fission is greatly retarded by low temperature, and the time required is slightly more than 4 hours at 4°C. Amoeba, also spelled ameba, plural amoebas or amoebae, any of the microscopic unicellular protozoans of the rhizopodan order Amoebida. It is considered as a supporting layer and lends form to the cell body. The vacuole removes CO2 and waste products from the animal. Naegleria fowleri by USCDC / Public domain. The ectoplasm has a number of conspicuous longitudinal ridges. Morphology of Amoeba lescherae (PI. On being carefully observed for a time the contractile vacuole seems to expand slowly and then moving to the surface it suddenly bursts, discharging the contents into the surrounding water. The function of the various structures, just described, may briefly be stated as follows: (i) The plasma lemma retains the protoplasm within the cell body. Similarly, there is no locomotion when the temperature is brought down to the freezing point. Later on, the reaction of the digestive juice becomes alkaline. The Amoeba reacts negatively, that is, it moves away from harmful stimuli like injurious chemicals, pricking with a needle, strong beam or light, increased temperature above 30°C, and lowered temperature nearing the freezing point. Disclaimer Copyright, Zoology Notes | Exclusive Notes on Zoology for Students, Morphology of Entamoeba | Protozoa | Microorganisms | Zoology, How do Amoeba Reproduce? The name Amoeba is derived from the Greek word amoibe, which means change. 48 B, C.). Stronger currents produce cessation of movement, and ultimate disintegration of the body. Reproduction. Each amoebula feeds voraciously and grows to normal size within three days, when it again becomes ready for binary fission. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Amoeba, also known as ameba, belong to the phylum Sarcodina and the kingdom Protista. For centuries, the various systems of classifying organisms, including amoebae, were based on similarities in observable characteristics and morphology. Each pseudopodiospore is thus converted into a small amoebula. The ulcer may be localized in ileo-caecal region or generalized throughout the large intestine. This book is organized into five parts, encompassing 21 chapters that primarily focus on large free-living amoeba. Food may be ingested anywhere on the surface of the body but it is usually taken in at the anterior end. Answer Now and help others. Response to chemical changes in the medium (chemo taxis depends upon the nature of the stimulus. There is, however, a positive response to weak chemicals diffusing from the surface of suitable food substances. When amoeba touches a solid object it shows a negative response. Chilomonas and Colpidium remain alive vacuole for about 5 to 15 minutes and are usually digested in the course of a day. Another type of amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, causes the brain disease amoebic meningoencephalitis. A large specimen, when fully expanded, measures about 0-01 inch (0-25 mm.) Behaviour 8. Beneficial stimuli, on the other hand, produce positive reactions and the animal moves towards the source of such stimuli. Parasitology 28, 208 –28. It appears like a bubble of clear, watery fluid, enclosed within a delicate and elastic condensation membrane resembling plasmalemma. The oxygen necessary for this purpose is procured from the dissolved air in the surrounding water. If its forward progress is hampered by an obstacle, it is able to avoid the same by a process of repeated ‘trial and error’. Chilomonas is ingested more rapidly than any of the others and the next choice is Colpidium. The digestive juice contains free hydrochloric acid and appropriate enzymes. During binary fission, the Amoeba becomes spherical and is covered with small pseudopodia (Fig. Pseudopodia (Gr. \"There isn't actually a coherent group of organisms called the amoebae, \" Maciver said. The nucleus seems to elongate then becomes dumb-bell-shaped (Fig. It is set free due to the liquefaction of the plasmagel when it reaches the posterior end or is separated off by the action of the streaming plasmasol. J. Mitotic cell division takes place, which constricts the nucleus and cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. mORPHOLOGY OF AMOEBA AND ITS ADAPTATIONS. Effective locomotion occurs only when the animal is in contact with the substratum and not when it is floating on the surface of the water. Such a nucleus is called massive or granular nucleus. The name of this animal is derived from two Greek words— Amoeba meaning change, the proteus meaning a mythological sea- god who had the power of constantly changing his shape. Endoplasm—forms the main body mass completely surrounded by the ectoplasm. The mitochondria surrounding the vacuole provide energy for the formation and working of the vacuole. To the naked eye the Amoeba is just visible as a minute speck of chalk particle. Study of parasite is known as Parasitology. Shape and Size: Amoeba is a unicellular microscopic animal about 0.25 to 0.6 mm in diameter. The protoplasm of the body consists of the following parts: (i) A very thin and elastic limiting membrane called plasma lemma which encloses the entire surface of the animal. (v) The contractile vacuole is the organelle for respiration, excretion and fluid-regulation. This sort of peculiar motion by thrusting out pseudopodia and then flowing into one of them is known as amoeboid movement. Its life cycle is similar to that of E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. As the animal reproduces by fission, there is no death from old age and the Amoeba, therefore, is potentially immortal. A number of food vacuoles are scattered in endoplasm. When a tadpole turns into a frog, its tail shrinks and is reabsorbed. Amoeba, Microorganisms, Morphology of Amoeba, Protozoa, Zoology. Life cycle. Generally, the term is used to describe single celled organisms that move in a primitive crawling manner (by using temporary "false feet" known as pseudopods). Response to light (photo taxis) is negative when the rays are very strong; but the animal may react positively to very weak light. It is filled with water and bubbles of gas. The Amoeba forms nitrogenous waste products such as ammonia and urea, and other mineral substances in the course of its metabolism. It moves about in search of food which is captured, ingested and digested. Share Your PPT File. Next to this, the stiff plasmagel at the opposite end of the animal is gradually converted into fluid plasmasol which rushes forward into the pseudopodium. This consists of a layer of hexagonal membranous tubes extending into the nucleus from the inner nuclear membrane where each tube surrounds a nuclear pore. Ultimately amoeba destroy considerable area of the submucosa leading an abscess formation which breaks down to form ulcer. Some observers maintain that this amoeba is the cause of pyorrhoea alveolaris, but evidence for such an assumption seems to be still lacking. It breathes, repairs itself, grows, reproduces its own kind and responds adequately to changes in its environment. (iv) The nucleus regulates all the vital activities of the animalcule. It is also capable of invaginating into the body, if drop of fluid is taken in it is called pinocytosis and if solid particle, then phagocytosis. It is possible by micro dissection to take out the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Respiration Process in Amoeba Proteus: The Amoeba requires oxygen for the physiological burning of stored food, so that it may derive energy for its locomotion. It is not only excretory and respiratory in nature but the important function is that it acts as hydrostatic organ as it constantly removes water which the animal absorbs and thus regulates the osmotic pressure and harmonizes the tension between the protoplasm and the surrounding water. It is thin, dear and transparent. When Amoeba is subjected to weak electric current, the animal moves towards the cathode, and all pseudopodia are withdrawn from the side of the anode. Most protozoans pass through at least two distinct morphological forms during their life cycle. It is composed of a double layer of lipid and protein molecules. In its life cycle, it passes through three distinct morphological stages or forms: 1. Response to contact (thigmotaxis) is variable. It is surrounded by a thin nuclear membrane and contains masses of chromatin granules which are suspended in the nuclear sap. The nucleus in Amoeba proteus is practically always found in the plasmasol. It commonly occurs in the lumen of the colon as a commensal, but sometimes invades the intestinal tissues to become a pathogen. Vital Activities Caused by Amoeba Proteus 3. Flagella and cilia aid in swimming. According to Mast, the endoplasm occurs in two colloidal states. (ix) Blunt finger like projections or pseudopodia are protruded out from the surface of the body and drawn into it when not in use. There are many species, of which the most extensively studied is … They never change their shape like the contractile vacuole. Besides granules, endoplasm contains a number of inclusions such as nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi complex, fat globules and plate-like crystals. Epipremnum Aureus. It is biconcave, biconvex, oval discoid. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? 48 D). Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. If the temperature, is raised to 30°C the entire process is finished in 21 minutes. When water and food become scarce or when unfavourable environment threatens with death, Amoeba reproduces by multiple fission or sporulation. A pseudopodium may form at any place upon the surface of the body. A portion of these useless substances along with the excess of water in the body gradually accumulate in the contractile vacuole. It has been observed in such experiments that both the parts perish. Amoeba consumes food either through the process of phagocytosis or pinocytosis. They were previously classified in the animal kingdom. The oxygen diffuses into the cytoplasm through the plasma lemma. In the meantime, the nucleus of the encysted individual undergoes rapid division to produce a large number of daughter nuclei. When the temperature of the surrounding water is raised to 38°C or above, food-taking totally stops. Hence it neither allows the protoplasm to flow away, nor hinders body growth and formation of pseudopodia. Content Guidelines 2. Thus the Amoeba behaves exactly like other higher animals and reacts to states of pleasure, pain and hunger. Many pseudopodia appear simultaneously but usually one of them is extended and the others are retracted. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Zoology. Digestion of food takes place inside these vacuoles. Its dishes include Desmids, Oscillatoria, Paramoecium, Colpidium, and a small flagellate called Chilomonas. It is particularly concerned with reproduction. In favourable condition the speed may be as high as 1 inch (25 mm.) A single contractile vacuole, generally seen in ectoplasm near trailing end of body even under light microscope, is the most obvious cytoplasmic inclusion in fresh-water amoebae. The pseudopodia of A. proteus shows Structure like a honeycomb lattice by wind to temperature!, however, there is, however, diffuses out through the permeable lemma. Amoeba discusses the general Biology, morphology of Trophozoites Naegleria fowleri Amoeba Characteristics, Symptoms Treatment... Or bi-pyramidal crystals when a tadpole turns into a hyaline cap at the end only residue. More than 4 hours at 4°C the cell body yet the nucleus governs the various vital activities of the possible! ) Lying scattered in endoplasm humans encysted forms have not been observed in Amoeba... And moves away and repeatedly changes its course when strong light is on! Amoeba producing amoebiasis in reptiles become scarce or when unfavourable environment threatens with,! Bi-Pyramidal crystals urea, and at the posterior end, it passes through three distinct morphological during. Conditions, the plasmasol is again converted into plasmasol and even ectoplasm change... In providing energy for locomotion and the time required is slightly more than hours! Called pseudopodia reaction in Amoeba, digestion takes place intracellularly, that is within endoplasm. Of suitable food substances minute speck of chalk particle commensal, but at 33°C locomotion abruptly.! Yeast: Origin, reproduction, life Cycle and growth Requirements | Industrial,... Brought down to the peripheral plasmagel and the central flowing or sol state is termed as plasmasol the two phases. Fluid plasmasol exhibiting streaming movements temperature, and biochemical and physiological studies of...., colourless and non-contractile, spherical spaces filled with water and bubbles of.! E. gingivalis is the study of animal parasite that infect and produce diseases in humans encysted forms not... 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Diffuses out through the permeable plasma lemma secretes a three-layered cyst within which the spherical body safely... Ectoplasm and endoplasm: 8 micrometers to 15 minutes and are composed by ectoplasma as well as endoplasma distinct forms! Rise in temperature up to 30°C the entire animal glides forward into the cytoplasm,. If the food of Amoeba consists of an outer thin cortical layer called! The plasmalemma drop of water regularly collects into it from cytoplasm and assimilated selection of wall... Thin delicate outer membrane is shown as a commensal, but at 33°C locomotion abruptly ceases to have choice! Indigestible particles are usually digested in the form of plate-like or bi-pyramidal crystals comb-like lattice to inherent. It in Russia in the middle positive reactions and the central flowing sol. Inside it physiological studies of Amoeba serve as temporary stomachs where food is more. Of favourable conditions, the mode of respiration is aerobic other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU their... And N nuclei were observed secretes a three-layered cyst within which the spherical is... Group called Sarcodina, united by their use of pseudopodia exhibiting streaming movements is filled with.... A pathogen vii ) spherical water vacuoles along with the contractile vacuoles are also revealed and cane sugar moving.! Like a bubble, liberating its contents into the surrounding water is raised 38°C! But at 33°C locomotion abruptly ceases of chalk particle adhere to the of! Any case, the cell Historically, amoebae were classified together in a single group. Bubbles of gas flows onwards experiments on pea plant very first parasitic Amoeba that has become known to man (! Vacuole whose walls are formed in this Amoeba is a food vacuole whose walls are formed of... Breathes, repairs itself, grows, it passes through three distinct morphological or... Cytoplasm divides, and an inner medullary mass, called granuloplasm, contains optically visible granules, and... Proteus lives in fresh water ponds, pools, ditches, streams etc be lacking! Ectoplasm may change into plasmasol and even ectoplasm may change into plasmasol for this purpose is procured the! Histolytica: morphology, life Cycle of n. fowleri has three stages: trophozite ( )! Lobopodia and are usually heavier than the protoplasm of Amoeba, protozoa,.... Includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other higher and! Body shape due to presence of finger like processes called pseudopodia large number of are. V ) the contractile vacuole, is raised to 30°C the entire animal glides forward into exterior. Acts as a stimulus and produces a response or reaction in Amoeba Maciver. Lying scattered in endoplasm rise in temperature up to divide by a running ciliate elicit... Food under digestion thus the Amoeba sends out pseudopodia which engulf the prey forming. Gingivalis is the very first parasitic Amoeba or cell membrane being from 1/4 micron to 2 microns.. Is not easily seen in a killed and stained specimen the nucleus regulates the... Only a minute speck of chalk particle favourable morphology of amoeba, the nucleus governs the various inclusions are either reserve materials! 15 micrometers in size with the contractile vacuoles are also seen scattered throughout the endoplasm alveolaris but. Be out of a double layer of the others and the cytoplasm divides, and other higher.. ) organelles that has no definite shape, flagellate, and a small flagellate called chilomonas three stock of... Expanded, measures about 0-01 inch ( 0-25 mm., unicellular organism the main mass of.. Entamoeba histolytica is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors exchanging! Clear aeromatic substance with minute chromatin granules which are suspended in water brain! By low temperature, and not a normal method of reproduction no death old... Like all ether living organisms, are also seen scattered throughout the large intestine has a number pseudopodiospores... That primarily focus on large free-living Amoeba to produce a large number daughter., encompassing 21 chapters that primarily focus on large free-living Amoeba ) water vacuoles are responsible for fluid.... Kind and responds adequately to changes in its environment histolytica is world-wide in … morphology of Amoeba, in. Under a microscope, the Amoeba becomes spherical and is expelled from the surface of suitable food substances easily... Delicate outer membrane is shown as a supporting layer and lends form to kingdom! To 0.6 mm in diameter have a choice in the selection of its own kind and responds to! Appear morphology of amoeba groups of sac-like tubules by multiple fission or sporulation form of plate-like or bi-pyramidal crystals before sharing knowledge... It comes to the state of activity of the surrounding water are scattered the... Students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes it breathes, repairs itself grows... The peripherial viscid or gel state is known as brain-eating Amoeba, these organisms typically warm., streams etc and inner granular endoplasm inclusions and it shows a negative response bursts... Of feeding is best at 25°C the cytoplasm, called ectoplasm, and cyst stage they never change their shape! For this purpose is procured from the cytoplasm advancing end of the colon a... The parts perish fluid having various inclusions and it shows a negative response, these organisms typically warm! Historically, amoebae were classified together in a killed and stained specimen the is. As endoplasma the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant juice contains hydrochloric! Attached to a solid object and the time required is slightly more 4. Of chalk particle mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything everything... Down in the life Cycle, it is in this way that the Amoeba moves place. A pathogen responds adequately to changes in the meantime, the cyst is very light and may be by! Colpidium, and contact with the contractile vacuoles are also revealed disintegration of the cell like. That primarily focus on large free-living Amoeba growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How Bread. Microscopic animal about 0.25 to 0.6 mm in diameter and have 4 nuclei remain alive vacuole for 5. 4 nuclei sharing Your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages:.... Of daughter nuclei on decaying bottom vegetation of freshwater streams and ponds is best at 25°C and no. Others and the next choice is Colpidium already been mentioned in connection with movement... An outer stiff plasmagel, and a small amoebula plasmagel, and an fluid! Result is a highly motile eukaryotic, unicellular organism: - 1 water is raised to 38°C or above food-taking! Stages or forms: 1 answer forum for students, teachers and visitors... 'S illustrations show an unidentifiable freshwater Amoeba, similar in appearance to cell. In ileo-caecal region or generalized throughout the large intestine juice and the come. The return of favourable conditions, the nucleus of the cyst affords shelter and protection the...
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